How to Detect the Signatures of Self-Gravitating Circumstellar Discs with the Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that ALMA can effectively detect spiral structures in self-gravitating circumstellar discs within 50-140 parsecs, but detection becomes challenging at 400 parsecs for smaller discs.

Contribution

The paper provides a simulation-based analysis of ALMA's capability to observe and identify spiral signatures in self-gravitating discs across various distances and disc sizes.

Findings

ALMA can detect spiral structures in discs up to 140 pc away.

Detection of spiral features in 400 pc is limited to larger discs.

Proper observation configurations are crucial for successful detection.

Abstract

In this paper we present simulated Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array (ALMA) observations of self-gravitating circumstellar discs with different properties in size, mass and inclination, located in four of the most extensively studied and surveyed star-forming regions. Starting from a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation and representative dust opacities, we have initially constructed maps of the expected emission at sub-mm wavelengths of a large sample of discs with different properties. We have then simulated realistic observations of discs as they may appear with ALMA using the Common Astronomy Software Application ALMA simulator. We find that, with a proper combination of antenna configuration and integration time, the spiral structure characteristic of self-gravitating discs is readily detectable by ALMA over a wide range of wavelengths at distances comparable to TW Hydrae ($\sim 50 \,$pc), Taurus - Auriga and Ophiucus ($\sim 140 \,$pc) star-forming regions. However, for discs located in Orion complex ($\sim 400 \,$pc) only the largest discs in our sample (outer radius of 100 au) show a spatially resolved structure while the smaller ones (outer radius of 25 au) are characterized by a spiral structure that is not conclusively detectable with ALMA.