Correlation between amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG asymmetry during real-time fMRI neurofeedback training in patients with depression

TL;DR

This study explores the relationship between amygdala activity and frontal EEG asymmetry during real-time fMRI neurofeedback in depression, revealing potential for combined neurofeedback approaches to improve emotion regulation.

Contribution

It is the first to directly relate simultaneous EEG and fMRI data during neurofeedback in depression, showing correlations between amygdala activity and EEG asymmetry.

Findings

Positive correlation between EEG asymmetry and depression severity.

Enhanced temporal correlation between EEG asymmetry and amygdala activity during neurofeedback.

Potential for combined EEG and fMRI neurofeedback to improve emotion regulation in MDD.

Abstract

Real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) is an emerging approach for studies and novel treatments of major depressive disorder (MDD). EEG performed simultaneously with an rtfMRI-nf procedure allows an independent evaluation of rtfMRI-nf brain modulation effects. Frontal EEG asymmetry in the alpha band is a widely used measure of emotion and motivation that shows profound changes in depression. However, it has never been directly related to simultaneously acquired fMRI data. We report the first study investigating electrophysiological correlates of the rtfMRI-nf procedure, by combining rtfMRI-nf with simultaneous and passive EEG recordings. In this pilot study, MDD patients in the experimental group (n=13) learned to upregulate BOLD activity of the left amygdala using an rtfMRI-nf during a happy emotion induction task. MDD patients in the control group (n=11) were provided with a sham rtfMRI-nf. Correlations between frontal EEG asymmetry in the upper alpha band and BOLD activity across the brain were examined. Average individual changes in frontal EEG asymmetry during the rtfMRI-nf task for the experimental group showed a significant positive correlation with the MDD patients' depression severity ratings, consistent with an inverse correlation between the depression severity and frontal EEG asymmetry at rest. Temporal correlations between frontal EEG asymmetry and BOLD activity were significantly enhanced, during the rtfMRI-nf task, for the amygdala and many regions associated with emotion regulation. Our findings demonstrate an important link between amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG asymmetry. Our EEG asymmetry results suggest that the rtfMRI-nf training targeting the amygdala is beneficial to MDD patients, and that alpha-asymmetry EEG-nf would be compatible with the amygdala rtfMRI-nf. Combination of the two could enhance emotion regulation training and benefit MDD patients.