Quark confinement: dual superconductor picture based on a non-Abelian Stokes theorem and reformulations of Yang-Mills theory

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in understanding quark confinement through a gauge-independent dual superconductor picture, utilizing reformulations of Yang-Mills theory, non-Abelian Stokes theorem, and lattice simulations to provide numerical evidence for dual superconductivity.

Contribution

It introduces a gauge-independent framework for quark confinement using reformulated Yang-Mills theory and non-Abelian Stokes theorem, supported by lattice numerical evidence.

Findings

Demonstration of linear interquark potential with non-zero string tension

Evidence of Abelian and magnetic monopole dominance in confinement

Confirmation of the dual Meissner effect via flux tube measurements

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to review the recent progress in understanding quark confinement. The emphasis of this review is placed on how to obtain a manifestly gauge-independent picture for quark confinement supporting the dual superconductivity in the Yang-Mills theory, which should be compared with the Abelian projection proposed by 't Hooft. The basic tools are novel reformulations of the Yang-Mills theory based on change of variables extending the decomposition of the $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills field due to Cho, Duan-Ge and Faddeev-Niemi, together with the combined use of extended versions of the Diakonov-Petrov version of the non-Abelian Stokes theorem for the $SU(N)$ Wilson loop operator. Moreover, we give the lattice gauge theoretical versions of the reformulation of the Yang-Mills theory which enables us to perform the numerical simulations on the lattice. In fact, we present some numerical evidences for supporting the dual superconductivity for quark confinement. The numerical simulations include the derivation of the linear potential for static interquark potential, i.e., non-vanishing string tension, in which the "Abelian" dominance and magnetic monopole dominance are established, confirmation of the dual Meissner effect by measuring the chromoelectric flux tube between quark-antiquark pair, the induced magnetic-monopole current, and the type of dual superconductivity, etc. In addition, we give a direct connection between the topological configuration of the Yang-Mills field such as instantons/merons and the magnetic monopole.