Low-luminosity X-ray sources and the Galactic ridge X-ray emission

TL;DR

This study uses XMM-Newton data to analyze low-luminosity X-ray sources in the Galaxy, deriving their luminosity functions and showing they can explain a significant part of the Galactic ridge X-ray emission.

Contribution

It provides new X-ray luminosity functions for coronal stars, binaries, and cataclysmic variables, improving estimates of their contribution to Galactic X-ray emission.

Findings

The total volume emissivity of ASBs and CVs is twice previous estimates.

Predicted X-ray source counts match observational constraints.

Faint, unresolved sources can account for about 80% of the 6-10 keV Galactic ridge X-ray emission.

Abstract

Using the XMM-Newton Slew Survey, we construct a hard-band selected sample of low-luminosity Galactic X-ray sources. Two source populations are represented, namely coronally-active stars and binaries (ASBs) and cataclysmic variables (CVs), with X-ray luminosities collectively spanning the range 10^(28-34) erg/s (2-10 keV). We derive the 2-10 keV X-ray luminosity function (XLF) and volume emissivity of each population. Scaled to the local stellar mass density, the latter is found to be 1.08 +/- 0.16 x 10^28 erg/s/M and 2.5 +/- 0.6 x 10^27 erg/s/M, for the ASBs and CVs respectively, which in total is a factor 2 higher than previous estimates. We employ the new XLFs to predict the X-ray source counts on the Galactic plane at l = 28.5 deg and show that the result is consistent with current observational constraints. The X-ray emission of faint, unresolved ASBs and CVs can account for a substantial fraction of the Galactic ridge X-ray emission (GRXE). We discuss a model in which roughly 80 per cent of the 6-10 keV GRXE intensity is produced in this way, with the remainder attributable to X-ray scattering in the interstellar medium and/or young Galactic source populations. Much of the hard X-ray emission attributed to the ASBs is likely to be produced during flaring episodes.