Chemical Evolution on the Scale of Clusters of Galaxies: A Conundrum?

TL;DR

This paper examines the metal content in galaxy clusters, revealing a discrepancy between observed metal distributions and nucleosynthesis expectations, especially in more massive clusters, and discusses potential solutions and implications.

Contribution

It highlights a significant conundrum in cluster metal content, questioning current understanding of galaxy cluster chemical evolution and proposing that galaxy metal loss is substantial.

Findings

Iron content matches supernova yield expectations in clusters with M_{500} > 10^{14} M_sun

In more massive clusters, the stellar mass fraction drops without a corresponding decrease in ICM metallicity

The metal share in clusters can reach up to approximately 6, indicating a major metal loss from galaxies.

Abstract

The metal content of clusters of galaxies and its relation to their stellar content is revisited making use of a cluster sample for which all four basic parameters are homogeneously measured within consistent radii, namely core-excised mass-weighted metallicity plus total, stellar and ICM masses. For clusters of total mass $M_{500} >$ $\sim 10^{14}$ $M_{\odot}$ nice agreement is found between their iron content and what expected from empirical supernova yields. For the same clusters, there also appears to be at least as much iron in the intracluster medium (ICM) as there is still locked into stars (i.e., the ICM/stars metal share is about unity). However, for more massive clusters the stellar mass fraction appears to drop substantially without being accompanied by a drop in the ICM metallicity, thus generating a major tension with the nucleosynthesis expectation and inflating the metal share to extremely high values (up to $\sim 6$). Various possible solutions of this conundrum are discussed, but are all considered either astrophysically implausible, or lacking an independent observational support. For this reason we still entertain the possibility that even some of the best cluster data may be faulty, though we are not able to identify any obvious bias. Finally, based on the stellar mass-metallicity relation for local galaxies we estimate the contribution of galaxies to the ICM enrichment as a function of their mass, concluding that even the most massive galaxies must have lost a major fraction of the metals they have produced.