On the Nature of Type Ia-CSM Supernovae: Optical and Near-Infrared Spectra of SN 2012ca and SN 2013dn

TL;DR

This paper presents late-time optical and infrared spectra of SNe Ia-CSM 2012ca and 2013dn, revealing features that suggest a thermonuclear origin with high-density circumstellar interaction, and compares them to other supernova types.

Contribution

It provides high-quality late-time spectra of SNe Ia-CSM, offering new insights into their spectral features and possible progenitor nature, supporting a thermonuclear explosion scenario.

Findings

Spectra show low [Fe III]/[Fe II] ratios and strong [Ca II], indicating low-ionisation states.

Absence of broad oxygen, carbon, or magnesium features in the spectra.

Detection of high-ionisation lines similar to those in some Type IIn supernovae.

Abstract

A growing subset of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) show evidence for unexpected interaction with a dense circumstellar medium (SNe Ia-CSM). The precise nature of the progenitor, however, remains debated owing to spectral ambiguities arising from a strong contribution from the CSM interaction. Late-time spectra offer potential insight if the post-shock cold, dense shell becomes sufficiently thin and/or the ejecta begin to cross the reverse shock. To date, few high-quality spectra of this kind exist. Here we report on the late-time optical and infrared spectra of the SNe~Ia-CSM 2012ca and 2013dn. These SNe Ia-CSM spectra exhibit low [Fe III]/[Fe II] ratios and strong [Ca II] at late epochs. Such characteristics are reminiscent of the super-Chandrasekhar-mass (SC) candidate SN 2009dc, for which these features suggested a low-ionisation state due to high densities, although the broad Fe features admittedly show similarities to the blue "quasi-continuum" observed in some core-collapse SNe Ibn and IIn. Neither SN 2012ca nor any of the other SNe Ia-CSM show evidence for broad oxygen, carbon, or magnesium in their spectra. Similar to the interacting Type IIn SN 2005ip, a number of high-ionisation lines are identified in SN 2012ca, including [S III], [Ar III], [Ar X], [Fe VIII], [Fe X], and possibly [Fe XI]. The total bolometric energy output does not exceed 10^51 erg, but does require a large kinetic-to-radiative conversion efficiency. All of these observations taken together suggest that SNe Ia-CSM are more consistent with a thermonuclear explosion than a core-collapse event, although detailed radiative transfer models are certainly necessary to confirm these results.