An independent analysis of the brown dwarf atmosphere monitoring (BAM) data: large-amplitude variability is rare outside the L/T transition

TL;DR

This study reanalyzed archival data on brown dwarf variability, confirming large-amplitude variability is rare outside the L/T transition and highlighting its increased frequency within this spectral range.

Contribution

It provides an independent assessment of variability in brown dwarfs, refining the frequency estimates and emphasizing the spectral dependence of atmospheric cloud features.

Findings

Large-amplitude variability is rare outside the L/T transition.

Variability frequency is higher within the L/T transition (24%) compared to outside (3.2%).

Weak variability was detected in two targets.

Abstract

Observations of variability can provide valuable information about the processes of cloud formation and dissipation in brown dwarf atmospheres. Here we report the results of an independent analysis of archival data from the Brown dwarf Atmosphere Monitoring (BAM) program. Time series data for 14 L and T dwarfs reported to be significantly variable over timescales of hours were analyzed. We confirm large-amplitude variability (amplitudes $>$2\%) for 4/13 targets and place upper limits of 0.7\%-1.6\% on variability in the remaining sample. For two targets we find evidence of weak variability at amplitudes of 1.3\% and 1.6\%. Based on our revised classification of variable objects in the BAM study, we find strong variability outside the L/T transition to be rare at near infrared wavelengths. From a combined sample of 81 L0-T9 dwarfs from the revised BAM sample and the variability survey of Radigan et al. we infer an overall observed frequency for large-amplitude variability outside the L/T transition of 3.2$_{-1.8}^{+2.8}$\%, in contrast to 24$^{+11}_{-9}$\% for L9-T3.5 spectral types. We conclude that while strong variability is not limited to the L/T transition, it occurs more frequently in this spectral type range, indicative of larger or more highly contrasting cloud features at these spectral types.