SiPM Operational Experience in Outer HCAL in CMS

TL;DR

This paper reports on the deployment, characterization, and performance monitoring of Silicon Photomultipliers in the CMS Outer Hadron Calorimeter, highlighting techniques for in-situ measurement and system stability in a large-scale collider environment.

Contribution

It introduces novel in-situ techniques for SiPM breakdown voltage determination and demonstrates their effectiveness in optimizing detector performance.

Findings

Successful installation and characterization of 1656 SiPM channels

Effective in-situ breakdown voltage determination techniques

Stable system performance over operational period

Abstract

The CMS Outer Hadron Calorimeter (HO) is the first large-scale hadron collider detector to use Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). To build the system we installed and characterized 3000 SiPMs of which 1656 channels of SiPMs with 40MHz readout have currently been installed into CMS. We report on comparisons of in-situ and vendor-supplied measurements. We present results on working point optimization by I-V scanning and temperature vs voltage scanning. We have developed several techniques for determining the breakdown voltage in-situ. We compare the performance of each technique and its success in working point optimization. We present results on gain and breakdown voltage monitoring as well as the overall system stability.