Pygmy resonance and low-energy enhancement in the $\gamma$-ray strength functions of Pd~isotopes

TL;DR

This study investigates the gamma-ray strength functions of Pd isotopes, revealing a transitional behavior with low-energy enhancement decreasing and Pygmy Dipole Resonance increasing as neutron number grows, supported by experimental data.

Contribution

First measurement of gamma-ray strength functions in $^{105-108}$Pd, demonstrating the transition from low-energy enhancement to PDR dominance with neutron number.

Findings

Observation of low-energy gamma-ray enhancement in Pd isotopes.

Detection of PDR centered at ~8 MeV in Pd isotopes.

Correlation between neutron number and gamma-ray strength features.

Abstract

An unexpected enhancement in the $\gamma$-ray strength function, as compared to the low energy tail of the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR), has been observed for Sc, Ti, V, Fe and Mo isotopes for $E_\gamma<4$ MeV. This enhancement was not observed in subsequent analyses on Sn isotopes, but a Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR) centered at $E_\gamma\approx8$ MeV was however detected. The $\gamma$-ray strength functions measured for Cd isotopes exhibit both features over the range of isotopes, with the low-energy enhancement decreasing- and PDR strength increasing as a function of neutron number. This suggests a transitional region for the onset of low-energy enhancement, and also that the PDR strength depends on the number of neutrons. The $\gamma$-ray strength functions of $^{105-108}$Pd have been measured in order to further explore the proposed transitional region. Experimental data were obtained at the Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory by using the charged particle reactions ($^{3}$He, $^{3}$He$^{\prime}\gamma$) and ($^{3}$He, $\alpha$$\gamma$) on $^{106,108}$Pd target foils. Particle$-\gamma$ coincidence measurements provided information on initial excitation energies and the corresponding $\gamma$-ray spectra, which were used to extract the level densities and $\gamma$-ray strength functions according to the Oslo method. The $\gamma$-ray strength functions indicate a sudden increase in magnitude for $E_{\gamma}>4$ MeV, which is interpreted as a PDR centered at $E_{\gamma}\approx8$ MeV. An enhanced $\gamma$-ray strength at low energies is also observed for $^{105}$Pd, which is the lightest isotope measured in this work. Further, the results correspond and agree very well with the observations from the Cd isotopes, and support the suggested transitional region for the onset of low-energy enhancement with decreasing mass number. The neutron number dependency of the PDR strength is also evident.