Dark matter, dark energy and the time evolution of masses in the Universe

TL;DR

This paper explores the idea that fundamental constants and particle masses may vary over cosmic time, potentially explaining dark energy and the universe's accelerated expansion without relying solely on a static cosmological constant.

Contribution

It proposes a framework where evolving fundamental constants and masses, within Quantum Haplodynamics, can account for dark energy and cosmic acceleration.

Findings

Masses of nucleons and dark matter particles may vary over time.

Dynamical vacuum energy can be consistent with General Relativity.

Unification at the Planck scale suggests a link between fundamental constants and cosmic evolution.

Abstract

The traditional "explanation" for the observed acceleration of the universe is the existence of a positive cosmological constant. However, this can hardly be a truly convincing explanation, as an expanding universe is not expected to have a static vacuum energy density. So, it must be an approximation. This reminds us of the so-called fundamental "constants" of nature. Recent and past measurements of the fine structure constant and of the proton-electron mass ratio suggest that basic quantities of the standard model, such as the QCD scale parameter $\Lambda_{QCD}$, might not be conserved in the course of the cosmological evolution. The masses of the nucleons and of the atomic nuclei would be time-evolving. This can be consistent with General Relativity provided the vacuum energy itself is a dynamical quantity. Another framework realizing this possibility is QHD (Quantum Haplodynamics), a fundamental theory of bound states. If one assumes that its running couplings unify at the Planck scale and that such scale changes slowly with cosmic time, the masses of the nucleons and of the DM particles, including the cosmological term, will evolve with time. This could explain the dark energy of the universe.