Quantum quenches in the many-body localized phase

TL;DR

This paper investigates the dynamics of local observables in many-body localized systems after quantum quenches, revealing universal power-law relaxation and memory effects that distinguish MBL from other phases, with implications for cold atom experiments.

Contribution

It provides a combined analytical and numerical study of local observable dynamics in MBL systems post-quench, highlighting universal power-law decay and memory retention due to local integrals of motion.

Findings

Local observables reach non-thermal stationary values with power-law decay.

Memory of initial states is retained due to local integrals of motion.

Power-law relaxation distinguishes MBL from Anderson insulators and ergodic phases.

Abstract

Many-body localized (MBL) systems are characterized by the absence of transport and thermalization, and therefore cannot be described by conventional statistical mechanics. In this paper, using analytic arguments and numerical simulations, we study the behaviour of local observables in an isolated MBL system following a quantum quench. For the case of a global quench, we find that the local observables reach stationary, highly non-thermal values at long times as a result of slow dephasing characteristic of the MBL phase. These stationary values retain the local memory of the initial state due to the existence of local integrals of motion in the MBL phase. The temporal fluctuations around stationary values exhibit universal power-law decay in time, with an exponent set by the localization length and the diagonal entropy of the initial state. Such a power-law decay holds for any local observable and is related to the logarithmic in time growth of entanglement in the MBL phase. This behaviour distinguishes the MBL phase from both the Anderson insulator (where no stationary state is reached), and from the ergodic phase (where relaxation is expected to be exponential). For the case of a local quench, we also find a power-law approach of local observables to their stationary values when the system is prepared in a mixed state. Quench protocols considered in this paper can be naturally implemented in systems of ultra cold atoms in disordered optical lattices, and the behaviour of local observables provides a direct experimental signature of many-body localization.