Statistical Analysis of the Horizontal Divergent Flow in Emerging Solar Active Regions

TL;DR

This study statistically analyzes horizontal divergent flows (HDFs) in emerging solar active regions, confirming their commonality and potential to reveal subsurface magnetic flux properties, based on 23 flux emergence events observed over 14 months.

Contribution

It extends previous single-event analysis by providing a statistical characterization of HDFs in multiple solar active regions, linking observed flows to subsurface magnetic flux properties.

Findings

HDF duration averages 61 minutes

Maximum HDF speed averages 3.1 km/s

Estimated subsurface flux rising speed is 0.6-1.4 km/s

Abstract

Solar active regions (ARs) are thought to be formed by magnetic fields from the convection zone. Our flux emergence simulations revealed that a strong horizontal divergent flow (HDF) of unmagnetized plasma appears at the photosphere before the flux begins to emerge. In our earlier study, we analyzed HMI data for a single AR and confirmed presence of this precursor plasma flow in the actual Sun. In this paper, as an extension of our earlier study, we conducted a statistical analysis of the HDFs to further investigate their characteristics and better determine the properties. From SDO/HMI data, we picked up 23 flux emergence events over a period of 14 months, the total flux of which ranges from 10^{20} to 10^{22} Mx. Out of 23 selected events, 6 clear HDFs were detected by the method we developed in our earlier study, and 7 HDFs detected by visual inspection were added to this statistic analysis. We found that the duration of the HDF is on average 61 minutes and the maximum HDF speed is on average 3.1 km s^{-1}. We also estimated the rising speed of the subsurface magnetic flux to be 0.6-1.4 km s^{-1}. These values are highly consistent with our previous one-event analysis as well as our simulation results. The observation results lead us to the conclusion that the HDF is rather a common feature in the earliest phase of AR emergence. Moreover, our HDF analysis has capability of determining the subsurface properties of emerging fields that cannot be directly measured.