The Solar Internetwork. I. Contribution to the Network Magnetic Flux

TL;DR

This study quantifies the significant contribution of internetwork magnetic fields to the solar network flux, showing they can replenish the entire network flux within a day, challenging previous assumptions about flux sources.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed quantification of internetwork fields' role in maintaining the solar magnetic network using long-term Hinode magnetogram data.

Findings

Internetwork fields constitute 14% of quiet Sun flux.

Flux transfer rate from internetwork to network is 1.5 x 10^24 Mx/day.

Internetwork can replace the entire network flux in 18-24 hours.

Abstract

The magnetic network observed on the solar surface harbors a sizable fraction of the total quiet Sun flux. However, its origin and maintenance are not well known. Here we investigate the contribution of internetwork magnetic fields to the network flux. Internetwork fields permeate the interior of supergranular cells and show large emergence rates. We use long-duration sequences of magnetograms acquired by Hinode and an automatic feature tracking algorithm to follow the evolution of network and internetwork flux elements. We find that 14% of the quiet Sun flux is in the form of internetwork fields, with little temporal variations. Internetwork elements interact with network patches and modify the flux budget of the network, either by adding flux (through merging processes) or by removing it (through cancellation events). Mergings appear to be dominant, so the net flux contribution of the internetwork is positive. The observed rate of flux transfer to the network is 1.5 x 10^24 Mx day^-1 over the entire solar surface. Thus, the internetwork supplies as much flux as is present in the network in only 9-13 hours. Taking into account that not all the transferred flux is incorporated into the network, we find that the internetwork would be able to replace the entire network flux in approximately 18-24 hours. This renders the internetwork the most important contributor to the network, challenging the view that ephemeral regions are the main source of flux in the quiet Sun. About 40% of the total internetwork flux eventually ends up in the network.