Supermassive black holes with high accretion rates in active galactic nuclei: II. the most luminous standard candles in the Universe

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that super-Eddington accreting massive black holes (SEAMBHs) can serve as reliable cosmological distance indicators, extending the cosmic distance ladder beyond supernovae through reverberation mapping and Bayesian analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method to identify SEAMBHs and calibrate their luminosity-based distances, providing a new tool for cosmology beyond existing standard candles.

Findings

Six new SEAMBHs identified via reverberation mapping.

Distance measurements with 0.14 dex scatter compared to standard cosmology.

SEAMBHs show potential as high-redshift cosmological probes.

Abstract

This is the second in a series of papers reporting on a large reverberation mapping (RM) campaign to measure black hole (BH) mass in high accretion rate active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The goal is to identify super-Eddington accreting massive black holes (SEAMBHs) and to use their unique properties to construct a new method for measuring cosmological distances. Based on theoretical models, the saturated bolometric luminosity of such sources is proportional to the BH mass which can be used to obtain their distance. Here we report on five new RM measurements and show that in four of the cases we can measure the BH mass and three of these sources are SEAMBHs. Together with the three sources from our earlier work, we now have six new sources of this type. We use a novel method based on a minimal radiation efficiency to identify nine additional SEAMBHs from earlier RM-based mass measurements. We use a Bayesian analysis to determine the parameters of the new distance expression, and the method uncertainties, from the observed properties of the objects in the sample. The ratio of the newly measured distances to the standard cosmological ones has a mean scatter of 0.14 dex, indicating that SEAMBHs can be use as cosmological distance probes. With their high luminosity, long period of activity and large numbers at high redshifts, SEAMBHs have a potential to extend the cosmic distance ladder beyond the range now explored by type Ia supernovae.