Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events

TL;DR

This study provides the first hybrid measurement of the average muon content in ultra-high-energy air showers at large zenith angles, using data from the Pierre Auger Observatory to improve understanding of cosmic ray interactions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel hybrid measurement method combining surface and fluorescence detectors to quantify muons in inclined air showers at ultra-high energies.

Findings

Average muon count for a 10^19 eV shower is approximately 2.68 x 10^7.

Muon number increases with energy, with a logarithmic gain of about 1.03.

Measurement uncertainties include statistical and systematic errors.

Abstract

We present the first hybrid measurement of the average muon number in air showers at ultra-high energies, initiated by cosmic rays with zenith angles between $62^\circ$ and $80^\circ$. The measurement is based on 174 hybrid events recorded simultaneously with the Surface Detector array and the Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The muon number for each shower is derived by scaling a simulated reference profile of the lateral muon density distribution at the ground until it fits the data. A $10^{19}$~eV shower with a zenith angle of $67^\circ$, which arrives at the Surface Detector array at an altitude of 1450 m above sea level, contains on average $(2.68 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.48\,\mathrm{(sys.)}) \times 10^{7}$ muons with energies larger than 0.3 GeV. The logarithmic gain $\mathrm{d}\ln{N_\mu} / \mathrm{d}\ln{E}$ of muons with increasing energy between $4\times 10^{18}$ eV and $5 \times 10^{19}$ eV is measured to be $(1.029\, \pm\, 0.024\, \pm 0.030\,\mathrm{(sys.)})$.