Mass production of volume phase holographic gratings for the VIRUS spectrograph array

TL;DR

This paper details the design, mass production, testing apparatus, and performance results of volume phase holographic gratings used in the VIRUS spectrograph array, enabling large-scale astronomical surveys.

Contribution

It introduces a scalable manufacturing process for VPH gratings and a custom testing device, ensuring high efficiency and quality for the VIRUS spectrograph array.

Findings

Successful mass production of 170 VPH gratings

High diffraction efficiency achieved across the spectral range

Effective testing apparatus for rapid efficiency assessment

Abstract

The Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS) is a baseline array of 150 copies of a simple, fiber-fed integral field spectrograph that will be deployed on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET). VIRUS is the first optical astronomical instrument to be replicated on an industrial scale, and represents a relatively inexpensive solution for carrying out large-area spectroscopic surveys, such as the HET Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX). Each spectrograph contains a volume phase holographic (VPH) grating with a 138 mm diameter clear aperture as its dispersing element. The instrument utilizes the grating in first-order for 350-550 nm. Including witness samples, a suite of 170 VPH gratings has been mass produced for VIRUS. Here, we present the design of the VIRUS VPH gratings and a discussion of their mass production. We additionally present the design and functionality of a custom apparatus that has been used to rapidly test the first-order diffraction efficiency of the gratings for various discrete wavelengths within the VIRUS spectral range. This device has been used to perform both in-situ tests to monitor the effects of adjustments to the production prescription as well as to carry out the final acceptance tests of the gratings' diffraction efficiency. Finally, we present the as-built performance results for the entire suite of VPH gratings.