Fractional Gaussian fields: a survey

TL;DR

This survey explores fractional Gaussian fields, a family of random fields characterized by a parameter, highlighting their properties, examples, applications, and connections to various stochastic processes and physical models.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of fractional Gaussian fields, including formulas, properties, and new interpretations, serving as a foundational reference for further research.

Findings

Includes covariance formulas and Gibbs properties.

Defines a discrete fractional Gaussian field.

Connects FGF_s with stable Lévy processes.

Abstract

We discuss a family of random fields indexed by a parameter $s\in \mathbb{R}$ which we call the fractional Gaussian fields, given by \[ \mathrm{FGF}_s(\mathbb{R}^d)=(-\Delta)^{-s/2} W, \] where $W$ is a white noise on $\mathbb{R}^d$ and $(-\Delta)^{-s/2}$ is the fractional Laplacian. These fields can also be parameterized by their Hurst parameter $H = s-d/2$. In one dimension, examples of $\mathrm{FGF}_s$ processes include Brownian motion ($s = 1$) and fractional Brownian motion ($1/2 < s < 3/2$). Examples in arbitrary dimension include white noise ($s = 0$), the Gaussian free field ($s = 1$), the bi-Laplacian Gaussian field ($s = 2$), the log-correlated Gaussian field ($s = d/2$), L\'evy's Brownian motion ($s = d/2 + 1/2$), and multidimensional fractional Brownian motion ($d/2 < s < d/2 + 1$). These fields have applications to statistical physics, early-universe cosmology, finance, quantum field theory, image processing, and other disciplines. We present an overview of fractional Gaussian fields including covariance formulas, Gibbs properties, spherical coordinate decompositions, restrictions to linear subspaces, local set theorems, and other basic results. We also define a discrete fractional Gaussian field and explain how the $\mathrm{FGF}_s$ with $s \in (0,1)$ can be understood as a long range Gaussian free field in which the potential theory of Brownian motion is replaced by that of an isotropic $2s$-stable L\'evy process.