Multigraph approach to quantum non-locality

TL;DR

This paper introduces a multigraph-based method to precisely determine the maximum quantum violations of Bell inequalities, improving upon traditional graph approaches by accounting for the complex exclusivity relations in quantum scenarios.

Contribution

It develops a novel multigraph framework that refines the Lovász number to accurately compute quantum violations of Bell inequalities.

Findings

Calculated upper bounds for specific Bell inequalities using the new multigraph approach.

Showed that the multigraph method can sometimes exactly determine the maximum quantum violation.

Demonstrated the effectiveness of the hierarchy of semi-definite programs in these calculations.

Abstract

Non-contextuality (NC) and Bell inequalities can be expressed as bounds $\Omega$ for positive linear combinations $S$ of probabilities of events, $S \leq \Omega$. Exclusive events in $S$ can be represented as adjacent vertices of a graph called the exclusivity graph of $S$. In the case that events correspond to the outcomes of quantum projective measurements, quantum probabilities are intimately related to the Gr\"otschel-Lov\'asz-Schrijver theta body of the exclusivity graph. Then, one can easily compute an upper bound to the maximum quantum violation of any NC or Bell inequality by optimizing $S$ over the theta body and calculating the Lov\'asz number of the corresponding exclusivity graph. In some cases, this upper bound is tight and gives the exact maximum quantum violation. However, in general, this is not the case. The reason is that the exclusivity graph does not distinguish among the different ways exclusivity can occur in Bell-inequality (and similar) scenarios. An interesting question is whether there is a graph-theoretical concept which accounts for this problem. Here we show that, for any given $N$-partite Bell inequality, an edge-coloured multigraph composed of $N$ single-colour graphs can be used to encode the relationships of exclusivity between each party's parts of the events. Then, the maximum quantum violation of the Bell inequality is exactly given by a refinement of the Lov\'asz number that applies to these edge-coloured multigraphs. We show how to calculate upper bounds for this number using a hierarchy of semi-definite programs and calculate upper bounds for $I_3$, $I_{3322}$ and the three bipartite Bell inequalities whose exclusivity graph is a pentagon. The multigraph-theoretical approach introduced here may remove some obstacles in the program of explaining quantum correlations from first principles.