Evidence of patchy hydrogen reionization from an extreme Ly$\alpha$ trough below redshift six

TL;DR

This study presents evidence of patchy hydrogen reionization at redshifts around 6, based on an extremely long and dark Lyα trough, indicating large-scale fluctuations in the intergalactic medium's neutral hydrogen during the final stages of reionization.

Contribution

The paper provides new observational evidence of inhomogeneous hydrogen reionization through analysis of a rare Lyα trough and updated Lyα forest measurements, highlighting large-scale fluctuations in the neutral hydrogen fraction.

Findings

Discovery of a 110 Mpc Lyα trough at z~5.5

Significant excess variance in Lyα transmission near z~6

Reionization likely completed by z~5

Abstract

We report the discovery of an extremely long ($\sim$110 Mpc/$h$) and dark ($\tau_{\rm eff} \gtrsim 7$) Ly$\alpha$ trough extending down to $z \simeq 5.5$ towards the $z_{\rm em} \simeq 6.0$ quasar ULAS J0148+0600. We use these new data in combination with Ly$\alpha$ forest measurements from 42 quasars at $4.5 \le z_{\rm em} \le 6.4$ to conduct an updated analysis of the line-of-sight variance in the intergalactic Ly$\alpha$ opacity over $4 \le z \le 6$. We find that the scatter in transmission among lines of sight near $z \sim 6$ significantly exceeds theoretical expectations for either a uniform ultraviolet background (UVB) or simple fluctuating UVB models in which the mean free path to ionizing photons is spatially invariant. The data, particularly near $z \simeq 5.6$-5.8, instead require fluctuations in the volume-weighted hydrogen neutral fraction that are a factor of 3 or more beyond those expected from density variations alone. We argue that these fluctuations are most likely driven by large-scale variations in the mean free path, consistent with expectations for the final stages of inhomogeneous hydrogen reionization. Even by $z \simeq 5.6$, however, a large fraction of the data are consistent with a uniform UVB, and by $z \sim 5$ the data are fully consistent with opacity fluctuations arising solely from the density field. This suggests that while reionization may be ongoing at $z \sim 6$, it has fully completed by $z \sim 5$.