Rigorous treatment of barycentric stellar motion: Perspective and light-time effects in astrometric and radial velocity data

TL;DR

This paper develops a rigorous analytical framework for modeling stellar motions, including light-time effects, to improve the accuracy of astrometric and radial velocity data interpretation over long periods.

Contribution

It provides explicit formulas and error propagation methods for transforming stellar parameters under uniform rectilinear motion, incorporating light-time effects in a classical relativistic framework.

Findings

Light-time effects can exceed 0.1 mas or 0.1 m/s over 100 years for some stars.

The developed formulas enable accurate, reversible error propagation over long time intervals.

High-velocity stars within tens of parsecs are significantly affected by light-time effects.

Abstract

High-precision astrometric and radial-velocity observations require accurate modelling of stellar motions in order to extrapolate measurements over long time intervals, and to detect deviations from uniform motion caused for example by unseen companions. We aim to explore the simplest possible kinematic model of stellar motions, namely that of uniform rectilinear motion relative to the Solar System Barycentre, in terms of observable quantities including error propagation. The apparent path equation for uniform rectilinear motion is solved analytically in a classical (special-relativistic) framework, leading to rigorous expressions which relate the (apparent) astrometric parameters and radial velocity to the (true) kinematic parameters of the star in the barycentric reference system. We present rigorous and explicit formulae for the transformation of stellar positions, parallaxes, proper motions, and radial velocities from one epoch to another, assuming uniform rectilinear motion and taking into account light-time effects. The Jacobian matrix of the transformation is also given, allowing accurate and reversible propagation of errors over arbitrary time intervals. The light-time effects are generally very small but exceeds 0.1 mas or 0.1 m/s over 100 yr for at least 33 stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue. For high-velocity stars within a few tens of pc from the Sun light-time effects are generally more important than the effects of the curvature of their orbits in the Galactic potential.