The Discovery of Timescale-Dependent Color Variability of Quasars

TL;DR

This study reveals that quasar color variability depends on timescale, with shorter timescales showing bluer emissions, challenging previous models and supporting the thermal accretion disk fluctuation theory.

Contribution

It provides the first clear evidence of timescale-dependent color variability in quasars, ruling out simple contamination or accretion rate change explanations.

Findings

Color variability is prominent at ~10 days timescale.

Color variability decreases with increasing timescale.

Supports the thermal accretion disk fluctuation model.

Abstract

Quasars are variable on timescales from days to years in UV/optical, and generally appear bluer while they brighten. The physics behind the variations in fluxes and colors remains unclear. Using SDSS g and r band photometric monitoring data of quasars in Stripe 82, we find that although the flux variation amplitude increases with timescale, the color variability exhibits opposite behavior. The color variability of quasars is prominent at timescales as short as ~ 10 days, but gradually reduces toward timescales up to years. In other words, the variable emission at shorter timescales is bluer than that at longer timescales. This timescale dependence is clearly and consistently detected at all redshifts from z = 0 to 3.5, thus can not be due to contaminations to broadband photometry from emission lines which do not respond to fast continuum variations. The discovery directly rules out the possibility that simply attributes the color variability to contamination from a non-variable redder component, such as the host galaxy. It can not be interpreted as changes in global accretion rate either. The thermal accretion disk fluctuation model is favored, in the sense that fluctuations in the inner hotter region of the disk are responsible for short term variations, while longer term and stronger variations are expected from larger and cooler disk region. An interesting implication is that one can use quasar variations at different timescales to probe disk emission at different radii.