A 52 hours VLT/FORS2 spectrum of a bright z~7 HUDF galaxy: no Ly-alpha emission

TL;DR

This study presents a 52-hour deep spectrum of a bright z~7 galaxy, GDS-1408, revealing no Lyman-alpha emission, and refines its redshift and physical properties, highlighting challenges in confirming high-redshift galaxies with current telescopes.

Contribution

The paper provides the deepest spectrum of a z~7 galaxy to date, setting stringent limits on Lyman-alpha emission and demonstrating the difficulty of redshift confirmation at such epochs with existing instruments.

Findings

No Lyman-alpha emission detected, with an upper limit of 3x10^(-18) erg/s/cm^2.

Refined redshift estimate of z=6.82±0.1 for GDS-1408.

GDS-1408 likely contains dust and gas attenuating Lyman-alpha emission.

Abstract

We aim to determine the redshift of GDS-1408, the most solid z~7 galaxy candidate lying in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. We have used all the VLT spectra of GDS-1408 collected by us and two other groups with FORS2 at VLT in the last five years, for a total integration time of 52hr. The combined spectrum is the deepest ever obtained of a galaxy in the Reionization epoch. We do not detect any emission line or continuum over the whole wavelength range, up to 10100A. Based on an accurate set of simulations, we are able to put a stringent upper limit of f(Lya)<3x10^(-18) erg/s/cm2 at 3-9 sigma in the explored wavelength range, corresponding to a rest-frame equivalent width EW<9A. Combining this limit with the SED modelling we refine the redshift to be z=6.82+/- 0.1 (1-sigma). The same SED fitting indicates that GDS-1408 is relatively extinct (A1600~1) with a dust corrected star formation rate of ~ 20 Msol/yr. The comparison between the un-attenuated equivalent width predicted by the case-B recombination theory and the observed upper limit, provides a limit on the effective Lya escape fraction of f_(esc)^(eff)(Lya)<8%. Even though we cannot rule out a major contribution of the inter/circum galactic medium in damping the line, a plausible interpretation is that GDS-1408 is moderately evolved and contains sufficient gas and dust to attenuate the Lya emission, before it reaches the intergalactic medium. The redshift confirmation of even the best z~7 candidates is very hard to achieve (unless the Lya or unusually strong rest-UV nebular emission lines are present) with the current generation of 8-10m class telescopes. We show that both JWST and E-ELT will be necessary to make decisive progresses. Currently, the increased redshift accuracy obtained with this kind of analysis makes ALMA an interesting option for the redshift confirmation.