Fluid Flows Created by Swimming Bacteria Drive Self-Organization in Confined Suspensions

TL;DR

This study investigates how fluid flows generated by swimming bacteria influence their self-organization, revealing that bacteria can swim upstream against collective flows, a phenomenon confirmed by experiments and simulations.

Contribution

The paper combines simulations and experiments to demonstrate that hydrodynamic flows significantly influence bacterial self-organization, showing bacteria can swim upstream in vortex states.

Findings

Bacteria form a steady single-vortex state in confined suspensions.

Cells within the vortex swim upstream against the flow.

Hydrodynamic interactions are crucial for self-organization.

Abstract

Concentrated suspensions of swimming microorganisms and other forms of active matter are known to display complex, self-organized spatio-temporal patterns on scales large compared to those of the individual motile units. Despite intensive experimental and theoretical study, it has remained unclear the extent to which the hydrodynamic flows generated by swimming cells, rather than purely steric interactions between them, drive the self-organization. Here we utilize the recent discovery of a spiral-vortex state in confined suspensions of \textit{B. subtilis} to study this issue in detail. Those experiments showed that if the radius of confinement in a thin cylindrical chamber is below a critical value the suspension will spontaneously form a steady single-vortex state encircled by a counter-rotating cell boundary layer, with spiral cell orientation within the vortex. Left unclear, however, was the flagellar orientation, and hence the cell swimming direction, within the spiral vortex. Here, using a fast simulation method that captures oriented cell-cell and cell-fluid interactions in a minimal model of discrete-particle systems, we predict the striking, counterintuitive result that in the presence of collectively-generated fluid motion the cells within the spiral vortex actually swim upstream against those flows. This is then confirmed by new experiments reported here, which include measurements of flagella bundle orientation and cell tracking in the self-organized state. These results highlight the complex interplay between cell orientation and hydrodynamic flows in concentrated suspensions of microorganisms.