Direct Probe of Topological Order for Cold Atoms

TL;DR

This paper introduces a practical method for directly measuring topological invariants in cold atom systems using time-of-flight imaging, applicable across various dimensions and robust against experimental imperfections.

Contribution

It proposes a universal detection technique for topological order in cold atoms, enabling direct measurement of topological invariants like Chern numbers and Chern-Simons terms.

Findings

Method is applicable to 1D, 2D, and 3D topological insulators.

Detection is robust to experimental imperfections.

Validated using examples of quantum Hall states and chiral topological insulators.

Abstract

Cold-atom experiments in optical lattices offer a versatile platform to realize various topological quantum phases. A key challenge in those experiments is to unambiguously probe the topological order. We propose a method to directly measure the characteristic topological invariants (order) based on the time-of-flight imaging of cold atoms. The method is generally applicable to detection of topological band insulators in one, two, or three dimensions characterized by integer topological invariants. Using detection of the Chern number for the 2D anomalous quantum Hall states and the Chern-Simons term for the 3D chiral topological insulators as examples, we show that the proposed detection method is practical, robust to typical experimental imperfections such as limited imaging resolution, inhomogeneous trapping potential, and disorder in the system.