Condensation of earthquake location distributions: Optimal spatial information encoding and application to multifractal analysis of South Californian seismicity

TL;DR

The paper introduces a 'condensation' method that enhances the spatial information content of seismic catalogs by optimally weighting events based on location accuracy, revealing fault structures and fractal properties in seismicity.

Contribution

It presents a novel condensation technique that improves seismic catalog analysis by accounting for location errors and enhances the detection of fault structures and spatial scaling regimes.

Findings

Condensation improves spatial information content in seismic catalogs.

Application to Southern California reveals fault traces and additional structures.

Multifractal analysis shows different spatial scaling regimes.

Abstract

We present the "condensation" method that exploits the heterogeneity of the probability distribution functions (PDF) of event locations to improve the spatial information content of seismic catalogs. The method reduces the size of seismic catalogs while improving the access to the spatial information content of seismic catalogs. The PDFs of events are first ranked by decreasing location errors and then successively condensed onto better located and lower variance event PDFs. The obtained condensed catalog attributes different weights to each event, providing an optimal spatial representation with respect to the spatially varying location capability of the seismic network. Synthetic tests on fractal distributions perturbed with realistic location errors show that condensation improves spatial information content of the original catalog. Applied to Southern California seismicity, the new condensed catalog highlights major mapped fault traces and reveals possible additional structures while reducing the catalog length by ~25%. The condensation method allows us to account for location error information within a point based spatial analysis. We demonstrate this by comparing the multifractal properties of the condensed catalog locations with those of the original catalog. We evidence different spatial scaling regimes characterized by distinct multifractal spectra and separated by transition scales. We interpret the upper scale as to agree with the thickness of the brittle crust, while the lower scale (2.5km) might depend on the relocation procedure. Accounting for these new results, the Epidemic Type Aftershock Model formulation suggests that, contrary to previous studies, large earthquakes dominate the earthquake triggering process. This implies that the limited capability of detecting small magnitude events cannot be used to argue that earthquakes are unpredictable in general.