Global survey of star clusters in the Milky Way III. 139 new open clusters at high Galactic latitudes

TL;DR

This study used star count algorithms on the 2MASS catalogue to discover 139 new high-latitude open clusters in the Milky Way, significantly increasing known clusters and highlighting ongoing gaps in the local cluster census.

Contribution

It presents a novel search method combining density enhancements and colour-magnitude filtering to identify previously unknown high-latitude open clusters.

Findings

Discovered 139 new high-latitude open clusters.

Increased the total known high-latitude clusters by about 150%.

Identified remaining gaps in the local cluster census.

Abstract

An earlier analysis of the Milky Way Star Cluster (MWSC) catalogue revealed an apparent lack of old (> 1 Gyr) open clusters in the solar neighbourhood (< 1 kpc). To fill this gap we undertook a search for hitherto unknown star clusters, assuming that the missing old clusters reside at high Galactic latitudes |b|> 20{\deg}. We were looking for stellar density enhancements using a star count algorithm on the 2MASS point source catalogue. To increase the contrast between potential clusters and the field, we applied filters in colour-magnitude space according to typical colour-magnitude diagrams of nearby old open clusters. The subsequent comparison with lists of known objects allowed us to select thus far unknown cluster candidates. For verification they were processed with the standard pipeline used within the MWSC survey for computing cluster membership probabilities and for determining structural, kinematic, and astrophysical parameters. In total we discovered 782 density enhancements, 522 of which were classified as real objects. Among them 139 are new open clusters with ages 8.3 < log (t [yr]) < 9.7, distances d < 3 kpc, and distances from the Galactic plane 0.3 < Z < 1 kpc. This new sample has increased the total number of known high latitude open clusters by about 150%. Nevertheless, we still observe a lack of older nearby clusters up to 1 kpc from the Sun. This volume is expected to still contain about 60 unknown clusters that probably escaped our detection algorithm, which fails to detect sparse overdensities with large angular size.