Vacuum-Induced Symmetry Breaking in a Superconducting Quantum Circuit

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how ultrastrong coupling in a superconducting quantum circuit can induce symmetry breaking in an artificial atom's ground state, revealing new ways to control and probe quantum phase transitions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel mechanism for symmetry breaking caused by vacuum expectation values in a superconducting circuit, analogous to the Higgs mechanism.

Findings

Parity symmetry is broken in the artificial atom due to vacuum expectation value.

The mechanism allows control over symmetry breaking in quantum circuits.

Potential to probe ground state coherence from quantum phase transitions.

Abstract

The ultrastrong-coupling regime, where the atom-cavity coupling rate reaches a considerable fraction of the cavity or atom transition frequencies, has been reported in a flux qubit superconducting quantum circuit coupled to an on-chip coplanar resonator. This regime enables the possibility of manipulating the cavity quantum electrodynamic ground state with controllable physical properties and situations may arise where the resonator field $\hat X= \hat a+\hat a^\dagger$ acquires a nonzero expectation value in the system ground state. We demonstrate that in this case the parity symmetry of an additonal artificial atom with an even potential is broken by the interaction with the resonator. Such mechanism is in close analogy with the Higgs mechanism where the gauge symmetry of the weak force's gauge bosons is broken by the nonzero vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field. The results here presented open the way to controllable experiments on symmetry breaking mechanisms induced by nonzero vacuum expectation values. Moreover the here proposed mechanism can be used as a probe of the ground state macroscopic coherence emerging from quantum phase transitions with vacuum degeneracy.