Black hole evaporation without an event horizon

TL;DR

This paper proposes a scenario where black holes evaporate without event horizons, replacing the singularity with a non-singular core that grows and allows information to escape, preserving unitarity and avoiding firewalls.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model of black hole evaporation that eliminates the event horizon and singularity, ensuring information escape and unitarity preservation.

Findings

Black hole core replaces singularity and grows over time.

Quantum information escapes after the Page time.

No firewalls are needed near the outer horizon.

Abstract

A reformulation of the calculation of the semi-classical energy-momentum tensor on a Schwarzschild background, the Bousso covariant entropy bound, and the ER=EPR conjecture of Maldacena and Susskind taken together suggest a scenario for the evaporation of a large spherically symmetric black hole formed in gravitational collapse in which 1) the classical r = 0 singularity is replaced by an initially small non-singular core inside an inner apparent horizon, 2) the radius of the core grows with time due to the increasing entanglement between Hawking radiation quanta outside the black hole and the Hawking partner quanta in the core contributing to the quantum back-reaction, and 3) by the Page time the trapped surfaces disappear and all quantum information stored in the interior is free to escape. The scenario preserves unitarity without any need for a "firewall" in the vicinity of the outer apparent horizon. Qbits in the Hawking radiation are never mutually entangled, and their number never exceeds the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the black hole. The quantum back-reaction, while it must be very large in the deep interior of the black hole, can be described semi-classically in the vicinity of the outer apparent horizon up until close to the Page time. An explicit toy model for the metric in the interior of the black hole, and how its associated energy-momentum tensor can be continued to the exterior in a semi-classical approximation, is discussed.