Cooling neutrons using non-dispersive magnetic excitations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel neutron cooling method using inelastic magnetic scattering in paramagnetic systems, significantly increasing very-cold neutron densities and potentially improving ultra-cold neutron sources.

Contribution

It proposes a new paramagnetic scattering-based cooling technique, providing analytical solutions and demonstrating substantial enhancements over existing methods.

Findings

Paramagnetic scattering can increase very-cold neutron densities by factors of 14 to 57.

Molecular oxygen in specific host structures is highly promising for neutron cooling.

The method allows effective cooling in compact moderators smaller than a meter.

Abstract

A new method is proposed for cooling neutrons by inelastic magnetic scattering in weakly absorbing, cold paramagnetic systems. Kinetic neutron energy is removed in constant decrements determined by the Zeeman energy of paramagnetic atoms or ions in an external magnetic field, or by zero-field level splittings in magnetic molecules. Analytical solutions of the stationary neutron transport equation are given using inelastic neutron scattering cross sections derived in an appendix. They neglect any inelastic process except the paramagnetic scattering and hence still underestimate very-cold neutron densities. Molecular oxygen with its triplet ground state appears particularly promising, notably as a host in fully deuterated oxygen-clathrate hydrate, or more exotically, in dry oxygen-He4 van der Waals clusters. At a neutron temperature about 6 K, for which neutron conversion to ultra-cold neutrons by single-phonon emission in pure superfluid He4 works best, conversion rates due to paramagnetic scattering in the clathrate are found to be a factor 9 larger. While in conversion the neutron imparts only a single energy quantum to the medium, the multi-step paramagnetic cooling cascade leads to further strong enhancements of very-cold neutron densities, e.g., by a factor 14 (57) for an initial neutron temperature of 30 K (100 K), for the moderator held at about 1.3 K. Due to a favorable Bragg cutoff of the oxygen-clathrate the cascade-cooling can take effect in a moderator with linear extensions smaller than a meter. The paramagnetic cooling mechanism may offer benefits in novel intense sources of very cold neutrons and for enhancing production of ultra-cold neutrons.