Exoplanet population inference and the abundance of Earth analogs from noisy, incomplete catalogs

TL;DR

This paper introduces a hierarchical probabilistic framework that accounts for observational uncertainties and survey biases to better estimate the abundance of Earth-like exoplanets, revealing a lower occurrence rate than previous estimates.

Contribution

It presents a novel Bayesian method that incorporates measurement errors and selection effects, improving population inference of exoplanets over prior approaches.

Findings

The radius distribution of small planets changes slope near Earth's radius.

Estimated Earth analog occurrence rate is about 0.02 per star, with large uncertainty.

The new method yields lower abundance estimates than previous models.

Abstract

No true extrasolar Earth analog is known. Hundreds of planets have been found around Sun-like stars that are either Earth-sized but on shorter periods, or else on year-long orbits but somewhat larger. Under strong assumptions, exoplanet catalogs have been used to make an extrapolated estimate of the rate at which Sun-like stars host Earth analogs. These studies are complicated by the fact that every catalog is censored by non-trivial selection effects and detection efficiencies, and every property (period, radius, etc.) is measured noisily. Here we present a general hierarchical probabilistic framework for making justified inferences about the population of exoplanets, taking into account survey completeness and, for the first time, observational uncertainties. We are able to make fewer assumptions about the distribution than previous studies; we only require that the occurrence rate density be a smooth function of period and radius (employing a Gaussian process). By applying our method to synthetic catalogs, we demonstrate that it produces more accurate estimates of the whole population than standard procedures based on weighting by inverse detection efficiency. We apply the method to an existing catalog of small planet candidates around G dwarf stars (Petigura et al. 2013). We confirm a previous result that the radius distribution changes slope near Earth's radius. We find that the rate density of Earth analogs is about 0.02 (per star per natural logarithmic bin in period and radius) with large uncertainty. This number is much smaller than previous estimates made with the same data but stronger assumptions.