Constraining the high redshift formation of black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters with gas inflows

TL;DR

This study investigates a cosmological pathway for forming massive black hole seeds in high-redshift nuclear star clusters through gas inflows, showing it is feasible, competitive, and independent of metallicity, occurring mainly at redshifts below 10.

Contribution

It introduces a cosmological model for black hole seed formation via gas-driven core collapse in nuclear star clusters, expanding previous isolated cluster models.

Findings

Feasible formation of black hole seeds < 1000 solar masses at z < 10.

Gas inflows must be at least ten times the cluster mass.

This channel is competitive and independent of metallicity.

Abstract

In this paper we explore a possible route of black hole seed formation that appeal to a model by Davies, Miller & Bellovary who considered the case of the dynamical collapse of a dense cluster of stellar black holes subjected to an inflow of gas. Here, we explore this case in a broad cosmological context. The working hypotheses are that (i) nuclear star clusters form at high redshifts in pre-galactic discs hosted in dark matter halos, providing a suitable environment for the formation of stellar black holes in their cores, (ii) major central inflows of gas occur onto these clusters due to instabilities seeded in the growing discs and/or to mergers with other gas-rich halos, and that (iii) following the inflow, stellar black holes in the core avoid ejection due to the steepening to the potential well, leading to core collapse and the formation of a massive seed of $<~ 1000\, \rm M_\odot$. We simulate a cosmological box tracing the build up of the dark matter halos and there embedded baryons, and explore cluster evolution with a semi-analytical model. We show that this route is feasible, peaks at redshifts $z <~ 10$ and occurs in concomitance with the formation of seeds from other channels. The channel is competitive relative to others, and is independent of the metal content of the parent cluster. This mechanism of gas driven core collapse requires inflows with masses at least ten times larger than the mass of the parent star cluster, occurring on timescales shorter than the evaporation/ejection time of the stellar black holes from the core. In this respect, the results provide upper limit to the frequency of this process.