Uncovering Multiple Populations with Washington Photometry: I. The Globular Cluster NGC 1851

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that Washington photometry, using a 1-meter telescope, effectively uncovers multiple stellar populations in globular cluster NGC 1851, including the first ground-based detection of multiple main sequences.

Contribution

The paper introduces the use of the Washington C filter for ground-based detection of multiple populations in globular clusters, including the first observation of multiple main sequences from the ground.

Findings

Washington C filter efficiently detects multiple populations in NGC 1851.

Discovered a broad, overlapping multiple main sequence in the cluster.

Identified two sequences in the red horizontal branch, unrelated to MPs.

Abstract

The analysis of multiple populations (MPs) in globular clusters (GCs) has become a forefront area of research in astronomy. Multiple red giant branches (RGBs), subgiant branches (SGBs), and even main sequences (MSs) have now been observed photometrically in many GCs. UV photometry has been crucial in discovering and analyzing these MPs, but the Johnson U and the Stromgren and Sloan u filters that have generally been used are relatively inefficient and very sensitive to reddening and atmospheric extinction. In contrast, the Washington C filter is much broader and redder than these competing UV filters. Here we investigate the use of the Washington system to uncover MPs using only a 1-meter telescope. Our analysis of the well-studied GC NGC 1851 finds that the C filter is both very efficient and effective at detecting its previously discovered MPs in the RGB and SGB. Remarkably, we have also detected an intrinsically broad MS best characterized by two distinct but heavily overlapping populations that cannot be explained by binaries, field stars, or photometric errors. The MS distribution is in very good agreement with that seen on the RGB, with ~30% of the stars belonging to the second population. There is also evidence for two sequences in the red horizontal branch, but this appears to be unrelated to the MPs in this cluster. Neither of these latter phenomena have been observed previously in this cluster. The redder MS stars are also more centrally concentrated than the blue MS. This is the first time MPs in a MS have been discovered from the ground, and using only a 1-meter telescope. The Washington system thus proves to be a very powerful tool for investigating MPs, and holds particular promise for extragalactic objects where photons are limited.