Multi-mode Entanglement is Detrimental to Lossy Optical Quantum Metrology

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that in lossy optical quantum metrology, multi-mode entanglement can hinder measurement precision, and single-mode states offer a more robust alternative for realistic quantum-enhanced measurements.

Contribution

It reveals that multi-mode entanglement is detrimental under photon loss and proposes single-mode states as a robust alternative for quantum metrology.

Findings

Multi-mode entanglement is harmful in lossy conditions.

Single-mode coherent superpositions outperform entangled states under loss.

A measurement scheme close to the quantum bound is achievable with loss.

Abstract

In optical interferometry multi-mode entanglement is often assumed to be the driving force behind quantum enhanced measurements. Recent work has shown this assumption to be false: single mode quantum states perform just as well as their multi-mode entangled counterparts. We go beyond this to show that when photon losses occur - an inevitability in any realistic system - multi-mode entanglement is actually detrimental to obtaining quantum enhanced measurements. We specifically apply this idea to a superposition of coherent states, demonstrating that these states show a robustness to loss that allows them to significantly outperform their competitors in realistic systems. A practically viable measurement scheme is then presented that allows measurements close to the theoretical bound, even with loss. These results promote a new way of approaching optical quantum metrology using single-mode states that we expect to have great implications for the future.