Probing dark energy models with extreme pairwise velocities of galaxy clusters from the DEUS-FUR simulations

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution DEUS-FUR simulations to analyze the extreme velocities of galaxy cluster pairs, revealing that such velocities are more common than previously thought and can inform dark energy models.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of the high-velocity tail of galaxy cluster pairs using large simulations, improving probability estimates for Bullet-like clusters within different cosmologies.

Findings

The high-velocity tail deviates from Gaussian predictions.

Bullet Cluster probability is two orders of magnitude higher than earlier estimates.

Extreme velocities carry signatures of underlying cosmology.

Abstract

Observations of colliding galaxy clusters with high relative velocity probe the tail of the halo pairwise velocity distribution with the potential of providing a powerful test of cosmology. As an example it has been argued that the discovery of the Bullet Cluster challenges standard $\Lambda$CDM model predictions. Halo catalogs from N-body simulations have been used to estimate the probability of Bullet-like clusters. However, due to simulation volume effects previous studies had to rely on a Gaussian extrapolation of the pairwise velocity distribution to high velocities. Here, we perform a detail analysis using the halo catalogs from the Dark Energy Universe Simulation Full Universe Runs (DEUS-FUR), which enables us to resolve the high-velocity tail of the distribution and study its dependence on the halo mass definition, redshift and cosmology. Building upon these results we estimate the probability of Bullet-like systems in the framework of Extreme Value Statistics. We show that the tail of extreme pairwise velocities significantly deviates from that of a Gaussian, moreover it carries an imprint of the underlying cosmology. We find the Bullet Cluster probability to be two orders of magnitude larger than previous estimates, thus easing the tension with the $\Lambda$CDM model. Finally, the comparison of the inferred probabilities for the different DEUS-FUR cosmologies suggests that observations of extreme interacting clusters can provide constraints on dark energy models complementary to standard cosmological tests.