Investigating the differential emission measure and energetics of microflares with combined SDO/AIA and RHESSI observations

TL;DR

This study combines EUV and X-ray data to analyze the thermal and non-thermal energies of solar microflares, revealing they are significantly multi-thermal and that multi-thermal modeling impacts energy estimates.

Contribution

It introduces a combined DEM analysis using SDO/AIA and RHESSI data to better understand microflare energetics, highlighting the importance of multi-thermal plasma considerations.

Findings

Microflare plasma is significantly multi-thermal.

Uniform DEM profiles fit microflare data better than Gaussian.

Multi-thermal modeling alters energy estimates, with non-thermal energy about 30% of thermal energy.

Abstract

An important question in solar physics is whether solar microflares, the smallest currently observable flare events in X-rays, possess the same energetic properties as large flares. Recent surveys have suggested that microflares may be less efficient particle accelerators than large flares, and hence contribute less nonthermal energy, which may have implications for coronal heating mechanisms. We therefore explore the energetic properties of microflares by combining Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray measurements. We present forward-fitting differential emission measure (DEM) analysis of 10 microflares. The fitting is constrained by combining, for the first time, high temperature RHESSI observations and flux data from SDO/AIA. Two fitting models are tested for the DEM; a Gaussian distribution and a uniform DEM profile. A Gaussian fit proved unable to explain the observations for any of the studied microflares. However, 8 of 10 events studied were reasonably fit by a uniform DEM profile. Hence microflare plasma can be considered to be significantly multi-thermal, and may not be significantly peaked or contain resolvable fine structure, within the uncertainties of the observational instruments. The thermal and non-thermal energy is estimated for each microflare, comparing the energy budget with an isothermal plasma assumption. From the multithermal fits the minimum non-thermal energy content was found to average approximately 30% of the estimated thermal energy. By comparison, under an isothermal model the non-thermal and thermal energy estimates were generally comparable. Hence, multi-thermal plasma is an important consideration for solar microflares that substantially alters their thermal and non-thermal energy content.