Transverse Quantum Confinement in Metal Nanofilms: Optical Spectra

TL;DR

This study investigates the optical spectra of metal nanofilms, revealing quantum confinement effects and quantifying effective electron masses, with implications for nanofilm optoelectronic applications.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of transverse quantum confinement in metal nanofilms, including effective mass calculations and photoluminescence behavior, using a particle-in-a-box model.

Findings

Quantum confinement causes discrete energy levels scaling as inverse square of thickness.

Effective electron masses are determined for Au, Fe, Co, Ni nanofilms.

Photoluminescence exhibits large Stokes shifts and linear quantum yield increase with excitation energy.

Abstract

We report optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra of Au, Fe, Co and Ni polycrystalline nanofilms in the UV-Vis-NIR range, featuring discrete bands resulting from transverse quantum confinement. The film thickness ranged from 1.1 to 15.6 nm, depending on the material. The films were deposited on fused silica substrates by sputtering and thermo-evaporation, with Fe, Co and Ni protected by a SiO2 film deposited on top. The results are interpreted within the particle-in-a-box model, with the box width equal to the mass thickness of the nanofilm. The transverse-quantized energy levels and transition energies scale as the inverse square of the film thickness. The calculated values of the effective electron mass are 0.93 (Au), 0.027 (Fe), 0.21 (Co) and 0.16 (Ni), in units of the mass of the free electron, being independent on the film thickness. The uncertainties in the effective mass values are ca. 2.5%, determined by the film thickness calibration. The second calculated model parameter, the quantum number n of the HOMO, was thickness-independent in Au (5) and Fe (6), and increased with the film thickness in Co (from 7 to 9) and Ni (from 7 to 11). The transitions observed in absorbance all start at the level n and correspond to {\Delta}n = +1, +2, +3, etc. The photoluminescence bands exhibit large Stokes shifts, shifting to higher energies with the increased excitation energy. The photoluminescence quantum yields grow linearly with the excitation energy, showing evidence of multiple exciton generation. A prototype Fe-SnO2 nanofilm photovoltaic cell demonstrated at least 90% quantum yield of photoelectrons at 77K.