Constraints on the space density of intermediate polars from the Swift-BAT survey

TL;DR

This study uses the Swift-BAT survey to estimate the space density of intermediate polars, revealing a potentially large population of faint, low-luminosity systems that are underrepresented in current samples.

Contribution

First comprehensive flux-limited survey-based estimate of the space density of intermediate polars, including constraints on faint populations.

Findings

Estimated space density of long-period IPs is approximately 1×10^{-7} pc^{-3}.

Evidence suggests a significant population of faint IPs at luminosities around 10^{31} erg s^{-1}.

Faint IPs could be as common as brighter ones, despite their rarity in observed samples.

Abstract

We construct a complete, hard X-ray flux-limited sample of intermediate polars (IPs) from the Swift-BAT 70-month survey, by imposing selection cuts in flux and Galactic latitude ($F_X > 2.5 \times 10^{-11}\,\mathrm{erg\,cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ at 14--195~keV, and $|b|>5^\circ$). We then use it to estimate the space density ($\rho$) of IPs. Assuming that this sample of 15 long-period systems is representative of the intrinsic IP population, the space density of long-period IPs is $1^{+1}_{-0.5} \times 10^{-7}\,\mathrm{pc^{-3}}$. The Swift-BAT data also allow us to place upper limits on the size of a hypothetical population of faint IPs that is not included in the flux-limited sample. While most IPs detected by BAT have 14--195~keV luminosities of $\sim 10^{33} {\rm erg s^{-1}}$, there is evidence of a fainter population at $L_X \sim 10^{31} {\rm erg s^{-1}}$. We find that a population of IPs with this luminosity may have a space density as large as $5\times 10^{-6}\,\mathrm{pc^{-3}}$. Furthermore, these low-luminosity IPs, despite appearing rare in observed samples, are probably at least as intrinsically common as the brighter systems that are better represented in the known IP sample.