Topology induced bifurcations for the NLS on the tadpole graph

TL;DR

This paper classifies solitons for the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a tadpole graph, revealing complex bifurcation phenomena, explicit solutions, and effects of magnetic fields, enriching understanding of nonlinear waves on simple networks.

Contribution

It provides a complete classification of solitons on the tadpole graph, including explicit solutions and bifurcation analysis, highlighting novel phenomena induced by topology and magnetic fields.

Findings

Existence of infinitely many embedded solitons bifurcating from linear states.

Identification of edge solitons with symmetry-breaking bifurcations.

Discovery of solitons without linear counterparts.

Abstract

In this paper we give the complete classification of solitons for a cubic NLS equation on the simplest network with a non-trivial topology: the tadpole graph, i.e. a ring with a half-line attached to it and free boundary conditions at the junction. The model, although simple, exhibits a surprisingly rich behavior and in particular we show that it admits: 1) a denumerable family of continuous branches of embedded solitons bifurcating from linear eigenstates and threshold resonances of the system; 2) a continuous branch of edge solitons displaying a pitchfork symmetry breaking bifurcation at the threshold of the continuous spectrum; 3) a finite family of continuous branches of solitons without linear analogue. All the solutions are explicitly constructed in terms of elliptic Jacobian functions. Moreover we show that families of nonlinear bound states of the above kind continue to exist in the presence of a uniform magnetic field orthogonal to the plane of the ring when a well definite flux quantization condition holds true. Finally we highlight the role of resonances in the linearization as a signature of the occurrence of bifurcations of solitons from the continuous spectrum.