How tidal erosion has shaped the relation between globular cluster specific frequency and galaxy luminosity

TL;DR

This study quantifies how tidal erosion of globular clusters influences the observed u-shaped relation between their specific frequency and galaxy luminosity, highlighting erosion as a key factor in galaxy evolution.

Contribution

The paper introduces a model linking GC survival rates to galaxy properties and demonstrates erosion's significant role in shaping the specific frequency-luminosity relation.

Findings

GC survival fraction depends linearly on the negative power of 3D mass density

Radially anisotropic GCs have lower survival rates than isotropic ones

Erosion effects nearly erase the observed u-shape in specific frequency versus luminosity

Abstract

We quantify to what extent tidal erosion of globular clusters (GCs) has contributed to the observed u-shaped relation between GC specific frequencies S_N and host galaxy luminosity M_V. We used our MUESLI code to calculate GC survival rates for typical early-type galaxy potentials covering a wide range of observed galaxy properties. We do this for isotropic and radially anisotropic GC velocity distributions. We find that the calculated GC survival fraction, f_s, depends linearly on the logarithm of the 3D mass density, rho_3D, within the galaxy's half light radius, with f_s proportional to (rho_3D)^(-0.17). For a given galaxy, survival rates are lower for radially anisotropic configurations than for the isotropic GC cases. We apply these relations to a literature sample of 219 early-type galaxies from Harris et al. (2013) in the range M_V=[-24.5:-15.5] mag. The expected GC survival fraction ranges from ~50% for the most massive galaxies with the largest radii to ~10% for the most compact galaxies. We find that intermediate luminosity galaxies M_V=[-20.5:-17.5] mag have the strongest expected GC erosion. Within the considered literature sample, the predicted GC survival fraction therefore defines a u-shaped relation with M_V, similar to the relation between specific frequency S_N and M_V. As a consequence, the u-shape of S_N vs. M_V gets erased almost entirely when correcting the S_N values for the effect of GC erosion. We conclude that tidal erosion is an important contributor to the u-shaped relation between GC specific frequency and host galaxy luminosity. It must be taken into account when inferring primordial star cluster formation efficiencies from observations of GC systems in the nearby universe.