An extended universality of electron distributions in cosmic ray showers of high energies and its application

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that electron distributions in high-energy cosmic ray air showers are universally similar at the same shower age, regardless of primary energy, mass, or interaction model, highlighting a fundamental invariance.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of universality in electron distributions across different high-energy air showers, independent of primary particle properties.

Findings

Electron distributions are identical at the same shower age across different primary energies.

The shape of electron distributions is independent of the primary particle's mass.

This universality applies regardless of the interaction model used in simulations.

Abstract

It is shown that the shape of any electron distribution in a high energy air shower is the same in all such showers, if taken at the same age, independently of the primary energy, mass and thus, of the interaction model.