Origin of the asymmetric exchange bias in BiFeO$_3$-Bi$_2$Fe$_4$O$_9$ nanocomposite

TL;DR

This study investigates the origin of asymmetric exchange bias in a BiFeO$_3$-Bi$_2$Fe$_4$O$_9$ nanocomposite, revealing a complex spin texture at interfaces that causes path-dependent magnetic behavior below 29K.

Contribution

It uncovers the coexistence of superspin glass and dilute antiferromagnet at interfaces, linking local spin textures to asymmetric and path-dependent exchange bias phenomena.

Findings

Exchange bias varies with measurement protocol.

Asymmetry in hysteresis loop jumps at low temperature.

Local spin texture causes unidirectional anisotropy.

Abstract

We show from detailed magnetometry across 2-300 K that the BiFeO$_3$-Bi$_2$Fe$_4$O$_9$ nanocomposite offers a unique spin morphology where superspin glass (SSG) and dilute antiferromagnet in a field (DAFF) coexist at the interface between ferromagnetic Bi$_2$Fe$_4$O$_9$ and antiferromagnetic BiFeO$_3$. The coexisting SSG and DAFF combine to form a local spin texture which gives rise to a path-dependent exchange bias below the spin freezing temperature ($\sim$29K). The exchange bias varies depending on the protocol or path followed in tracing the hysteresis loop. The exchange bias has been observed below blocking temperature (T$_B$$\sim$60K) of the superparamagnetic Bi$_2$Fe$_4$O$_9$. The conventional exchange bias (CEB) increases nonmonotonically as temperature decreases. The magnitude of both exchange bias (H$_E$) and coercivity (H$_C$) increase with decrease in temperature and are found to be asymmetric below 20K depending on the path followed in tracing the hysteresis loop and bias field. The local spin texture at the interface between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic particles generates a nonswitchable unidirectional anisotropy along the negative direction of the applied field. The influence of this texture also shows up in "asymmetric" jumps in the hysteresis loop at 2 K which smears off at higher temperature. The role of the interface spin texture in yielding the path dependency of exchange bias is thus clearly delineated.