Incompressible relativistic spheres: Electrically charged stars, compactness bounds, and quasiblack hole configurations

TL;DR

This paper explores the properties and limits of electrically charged incompressible relativistic stars, analyzing their mass, radius, charge, and pressure profiles, and comparing various compactness bounds including the Buchdahl and Buchdahl-Andre9asson bounds, especially near the quasiblack hole limit.

Contribution

It generalizes the Schwarzschild interior solution to include electric charge, studies the limits of compactness, and identifies conditions under which these stars approach quasiblack hole configurations.

Findings

The electrical interior Schwarzschild limit generally does not saturate the Buchdahl-Andre9asson bound.

The quasiblack hole limit occurs when the star is highly charged and central pressure diverges.

The Buchdahl-Andre9asson bound is saturated only in the uncharged Schwarzschild case and the extremal quasiblack hole limit.

Abstract

We investigate the properties of relativistic star spheres made of an electrically charged incompressible fluid, generalizing, thus, the Schwarzschild interior solution. The investigation is carried by integrating numerically the hydrostatic equilibrium equation, i.e., the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation, with the hypothesis that the charge distribution is proportional to the energy density. We match the interior to a Reissner-Nordstr\"om exterior, and study some features of these star spheres such as the total mass $M$, the radius $R$, and the total charge $Q$. We also display the pressure profile. For star spheres made of a perfect fluid there is the Buchdahl bound, $R/M\geq 9/4$, a compactness bound found from generic principles. For the Schwarzschild interior solution there is also the known compactness limit, the interior Schwarzschild limit where the configurations attain infinite central pressure, given by $R/M=9/4$, yielding an instance where the Buchdahl bound is saturated. We study this limit of infinite central pressure for the electrically charged stars and compare it with the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson bound, a limit that, like the Buchdahl bound for the uncharged case, is obtained by imposing some generic physical conditions on charged configurations. We show that the electrical interior Schwarzschild limit of all but two configurations is always below the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson limit, i.e., we find that the electrical interior Schwarzschild limit does not generically saturate the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson bound. We also find that the quasiblack hole limit, i.e., the extremal most compact limit for charged incompressible stars, is reached when the matter is highly charged and the star's central pressure tends to infinity. This is one of the two instances where the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson bound is saturated, the other being the uncharged, interior Schwarzschild solution.