Steady-state phase diagram of a driven QED-cavity array with cross-Kerr nonlinearities

TL;DR

This paper investigates the steady-state phases of a driven QED-cavity array with cross-Kerr nonlinearities, revealing complex quantum phases including photon crystals, oscillations, and bistability, supported by mean-field and cluster analyses, with implications for superconducting circuit implementations.

Contribution

It provides a detailed mean-field and cluster analysis of the steady-state phase diagram of a driven QED-cavity array with cross-Kerr nonlinearities, including realistic implementation considerations.

Findings

Identification of photon crystal phases with spatial modulation

Observation of oscillating and bistable steady states

Cluster mean-field supports single-site analysis results

Abstract

We study the properties of an array of QED-cavities coupled by nonlinear elements in the presence of photon leakage and driven by a coherent source. The main effect of the nonlinear couplings is to provide an effective cross-Kerr interaction between nearest-neighbor cavities. Additionally, correlated photon hopping between neighboring cavities arises. We provide a detailed mean-field analysis of the steady-state phase diagram as a function of the system parameters, the leakage, and the external driving, and show the emergence of a number of different quantum phases. A photon crystal associated to a spatial modulation of the photon blockade appears. The steady state can also display oscillating behavior and bistability. In some regions the crystalline ordering may coexist with the oscillating behavior. Furthermore we study the effect of short-range quantum fluctuations by employing a cluster mean-field analysis. Focusing on the corrections to the photon crystal boundaries, we show that, apart for some quantitative differences, the cluster mean field supports the findings of the simple single-site analysis. In the last part of the paper we concentrate on the possibility to build up the class of arrays introduced here, by means of superconducting circuits of existing technology. We consider a realistic choice of the parameters for this specific implementation and discuss some properties of the steady-state phase diagram.