Astrometric planet search around southern ultracool dwarfs I: First results, including parallaxes of 20 M8-L2 dwarfs

TL;DR

This study used high-precision astrometry over two years to measure parallaxes, proper motions, and search for planets around 20 ultracool dwarfs, establishing limits on planet occurrence and discovering binary systems.

Contribution

First ground-based astrometric survey achieving 120 micro-arcsecond accuracy for ultracool dwarfs, setting planet occurrence limits and discovering binary systems.

Findings

Measured parallaxes with 0.09 mas accuracy for 20 ultracool dwarfs.

Set an upper limit of 9% for giant planet occurrence around these stars.

Discovered two new tight binary systems.

Abstract

Extrasolar planet searches targeting very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs are hampered by intrinsic or instrumental limitations. Time series of astrometric measurements with precisions better than one milli-arcsecond can yield new evidence on the planet occurrence around these objects. We present first results of an astrometric search for planets around 20 nearby dwarf stars with spectral types M8-L2. Over a timespan of two years, we obtained I-band images of the target fields with the FORS2 camera at the Very Large Telescope. Using background stars as references, we monitored the targets' astrometric trajectories, which allowed us to measure parallax and proper motions, set limits on the presence of planets, and to discover the orbital motions of two binary systems. We determined trigonometric parallaxes with an average accuracy of 0.09 mas (~0.2 %) resulting in a reference sample for the study of ultracool dwarfs at the M/L transition, whose members are located at distances of 9.5-40 pc. This sample contains two newly discovered tight binaries (DE0630-18 and DE0823-49) and one previously known wide binary (DE1520-44). Only one target shows I-band variability >5 mmag r.m.s. We derived planet exclusion limits that set an upper limit of 9 % to the occurrence of giant planets with masses >5 MJup in intermediate-separation (0.01-0.8 AU) orbits around M8-L2 dwarfs. We demonstrated that astrometric observations with an accuracy of 120 micro-arcsec over two years are feasible from the ground and can be used for a planet search survey. The detection of two tight very low-mass binaries showed that our search strategy is efficient and may lead to the detection of planetary-mass companions through follow-up observations.