Fresnel versus Kummer surfaces: geometrical optics in dispersionless linear (meta)materials and vacuum

TL;DR

This paper investigates the geometric relationship between Fresnel and Kummer surfaces in dispersionless linear (meta)materials and vacuum, exploring their equivalence or generality in describing wave propagation.

Contribution

It establishes a connection between Fresnel surfaces and Kummer surfaces, analyzing their equivalence or generality in the context of dispersionless linear media and vacuum.

Findings

Fresnel surfaces can be characterized as Kummer surfaces in certain media.

The study clarifies the geometric nature of wave propagation in dispersionless media.

It identifies conditions under which Fresnel surfaces are equivalent to Kummer surfaces.

Abstract

Geometrical optics describes, with good accuracy, the propagation of high-frequency plane waves through an electromagnetic medium. Under such approximation, the behaviour of the electromagnetic fields is characterised by just three quantities: the temporal frequency $\omega$, the spatial wave (co)vector $k$, and the polarisation (co)vector $a$. Numerous key properties of a given optical medium are determined by the Fresnel surface, which is the visual counterpart of the equation relating $\omega$ and $k$. For instance, the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a uniaxial crystal, such as calcite, is represented by two light-cones. Kummer, whilst analysing quadratic line complexes as models for light rays in an optical apparatus, discovered in the framework of projective geometry a quartic surface that is linked to the Fresnel one. Given an arbitrary dispersionless linear (meta)material or vacuum, we aim to establish whether the resulting Fresnel surface is equivalent to, or is more general than, a Kummer surface.