Spectral dimension in graph models of causal quantum gravity

TL;DR

This paper introduces graph ensemble models as analytical tools to explain the scale-dependent spectral dimension observed in quantum gravity, particularly in causal dynamical triangulation, providing a continuum limit and insights into fractal properties.

Contribution

It proposes graph ensembles as toy models for CDT, rigorously defining the continuum limit and spectral dimension reduction, bridging numerical results with analytical understanding.

Findings

Spectral dimension reduces from 4 to 2 at short distances in models.

Continuum limit of graph ensembles can be rigorously defined.

Analytical results agree with computer simulations of CDT.

Abstract

The phenomenon of scale dependent spectral dimension has attracted special interest in the quantum gravity community over the last eight years. It was first observed in computer simulations of the causal dynamical triangulation (CDT) approach to quantum gravity and refers to the reduction of the spectral dimension from 4 at classical scales to 2 at short distances. Thereafter several authors confirmed a similar result from different approaches to quantum gravity. Despite the contribution from different approaches, no analytical model was proposed to explain the numerical results as the continuum limit of CDT. In this thesis we introduce graph ensembles as toy models of CDT and show that both the continuum limit and a scale dependent spectral dimension can be defined rigorously. First we focus on a simple graph ensemble, the random comb. It does not have any dynamics from the gravity point of view, but serves as an instructive toy model to introduce the characteristic scale of the graph, study the continuum limit and define the scale dependent spectral dimension. Having defined the continuum limit, we study the reduction of the spectral dimension on more realistic toy models, the multigraph ensembles, which serve as a radial approximation of CDT. We focus on the (recurrent) multigraph approximation of the two-dimensional CDT whose ensemble measure is analytically controlled. The latter comes from the critical Galton-Watson process conditioned on non-extinction. Next we turn our attention to transient multigraph ensembles, corresponding to higher-dimensional CDT. Firstly we study their fractal properties and secondly calculate the scale dependent spectral dimension and compare it to computer simulations. We comment further on the relation between Horava-Lifshitz gravity, asymptotic safety, multifractional spacetimes and CDT-like models.