Simulation study on origin of multi-core events in cosmic rays extensive air showers

TL;DR

This paper uses Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the origin of multi-core events in cosmic ray air showers, tracking sub-cores back to their sources and analyzing their interaction mechanisms.

Contribution

It introduces a simulation-based approach to trace the origin of multi-core events in cosmic rays, providing insights into their interaction mechanisms and particle sources.

Findings

Multi-core events can be reproduced by CORSIKA simulations.

Sub-cores originate from specific hadronic interactions.

Interaction mechanisms of sub-cores are characterized.

Abstract

Some experiments have found multi-core events in cosmic rays extensive air showers which should be interpreted by hadronic interaction theory. In this paper, the multi-core events are reproduced by Monte Carlo simulation with CORSIKA. The origin of each sub-cores is tracked back from the observation level. The interaction mechanism and original particles of sub-core are studied in this paper.