OBST: A Self-Adjusting Peer-to-Peer Overlay Based on Multiple BSTs

TL;DR

This paper introduces OBST, a self-adjusting peer-to-peer overlay topology based on multiple binary search trees, which adapts to communication demand to optimize routing efficiency and peer degree.

Contribution

It proposes a novel self-adjusting overlay topology, OBST, based on multiple BSTs, and analyzes its theoretical bounds and benefits for dynamic communication patterns.

Findings

Adding more BSTs reduces routing costs significantly.

A single additional BST can lower communication costs from Omega(log n) to O(1).

Self-adjusting mechanisms improve efficiency for changing communication patterns.

Abstract

The design of scalable and robust overlay topologies has been a main research subject since the very origins of peer-to-peer (p2p) computing. Today, the corresponding optimization tradeoffs are fairly well-understood, at least in the static case and from a worst-case perspective. This paper revisits the peer-to-peer topology design problem from a self-organization perspective. We initiate the study of topologies which are optimized to serve the communication demand, or even self-adjusting as demand changes. The appeal of this new paradigm lies in the opportunity to be able to go beyond the lower bounds and limitations imposed by a static, communication-oblivious, topology. For example, the goal of having short routing paths (in terms of hop count) does no longer conflict with the requirement of having low peer degrees. We propose a simple overlay topology Obst(k) which is composed of k (rooted and directed) Binary Search Trees (BSTs), where k is a parameter. We first prove some fundamental bounds on what can and cannot be achieved optimizing a topology towards a static communication pattern (a static Obst(k)). In particular, we show that the number of BSTs that constitute the overlay can have a large impact on the routing costs, and that a single additional BST may reduce the amortized communication costs from Omega(log(n)) to O(1), where n is the number of peers. Subsequently, we discuss a natural self-adjusting extension of Obst(k), in which frequently communicating partners are "splayed together".