A Comprehensive, Wide-Field Study of Pulsating Stars in the Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

TL;DR

This study extensively catalogs pulsating stars in the Carina dwarf galaxy, revealing new variables, supporting tidal disruption evidence, and refining distance estimates through period-luminosity relations.

Contribution

It provides the first wide-field, comprehensive survey of variable stars in Carina, including many new dwarf Cepheids, and compares their properties with other galaxies.

Findings

388 pulsating variables detected, including 340 new dwarf Cepheids

Distance modulus estimated at 20.17 +/- 0.10 mags

Evidence of tidal disruption from extra-tidal variables

Abstract

We report the detection of 388 pulsating variable stars (and some additional miscellaneous variables) in the Carina dSph galaxy over an area covering the full visible extent of the galaxy and extending a few times beyond its photometric (King) tidal radius along the direction of its major axis. Included in this total are 340 newly discovered dwarf Cepheids which are mostly located ~2.5 magnitudes below the horizontal branch and have very short periods (<0.1 days) typical of their class and consistent with their location on the upper part of the extended main sequence of the younger populations of the galaxy. Several extra-tidal dwarf cepheids were found in our survey up to a distance of ~1 degree from the center of Carina. Our sample also includes RR Lyrae stars and anomalous Cepheids some of which were found outside the galaxy's tidal radius as well. This supports past works that suggests Carina is undergoing tidal disruption. We use the period-luminosity relationship for dwarf Cepheids to estimate a distance modulus of 20.17 +/- 0.10 mags, in very good agreement with the estimate from RR Lyrae stars. We find some important differences in the properties of the dwarf Cepheids of Carina and those in Fornax and the LMC, the only extragalactic samples of dwarf Cepheids currently known. These differences may reflect a metallicity spread, depth along the line of sight and/or, different evolutionary paths of the dwarf Cepheid stars.