The possible resolution of Boltzmann brains problem in phantom cosmology

TL;DR

This paper explores how simple phantom energy cosmological models with Little Rip and Big Rip singularities can potentially resolve the Boltzmann brains problem by restricting the period during which observers can exist, aligning with observational data.

Contribution

It demonstrates that certain phantom energy models can be free from the Boltzmann brains problem without conflicting with observational constraints.

Findings

Models satisfy observational data.

Boltzmann brains problem can be avoided if observers exist only before universe's lifetime end.

Parameter bounds are consistent with observational constraints.

Abstract

We consider the well-known Boltzmann brains problem in frames of simple phantom energy models with little rip and big rip singularity. It is showed that these models (i) satisfy to observational data and (ii) may be free from Boltzmann brains problem. The human observers in phantom models can exist only in during for a certain period $t<t_{f}$ ($t_{f}$ is lifetime of universe) via Bekenstein bound. If fraction of unordered observers in this part of universe history is negligible in comparison with ordered observers than Boltzmann brains problem doesn't appear. The bounds on model parameters derived from such requirement don't contradict to allowable range from observational data.